2/2/2024 0 Comments Timing synonym pacing tempo![]() It has been reported that athletes follow two different intentional pathways during exercise: association, where they focus on body signals, and disassociation, where attention is directed to external cues such as music. Indeed, previous studies have found that music helps participants improve performance, suggesting that it may be a consequence of a change in intentional focus ( Baden et al., 2004 Lima-Silva et al., 2012). Regarding music, it has been reported that music conditions can affect performance and pacing ( Atkinson et al., 2004 Elliott et al., 2005 Lima-Silva et al., 2012). A theoretical framework offered by Noakes (2011) indicates that pacing strategy depends on specific factors such as knowledge of the endpoint ( Hamilton and Behm, 2017), the performance level, the presence of competitors ( Tomazini et al., 2015), and also music ( Atkinson et al., 2004 Elliott et al., 2005 Lima-Silva et al., 2012). However, it is not known whether fast-start pacing strategies are the best choice for optimal performance. Athletes choose naturally a fast beginning with high velocity, greater than the mean velocity for the race, with a gradual decrease during 80-90% of the entire distance followed by an increase in the pace during the last 10-20% of the race (end-spurt) ( Atkinson et al., 2004 Joseph et al., 2008 St Clair Gibson et al., 2005). This distribution, called pacing strategy, refers to the variation of velocity by regulating the rate of energy expenditure, it also aims to prevent homeostatic disturbances during exercise or competition ( Tucker and Noakes, 2009). However, there is a need for more studies comparing the effects of different times for music application in other activities such as running.ĭuring aerobic events, athletes generally regulate their energy during competition in order to optimize performance ( Abbiss and Laursen, 2008 Joseph et al., 2008 St Clair Gibson et al., 2005). (2012), listening to music in different moments of the exercise session (during a warm-up, during exercise) did not affect physical condition, the heart rate, RPE and mood state during a 5-km cycling time-trial. On the other hand, other studies have attempted to evaluate the effects of music during a warm-up ( Eliakim et al., 2007 Yamamoto et al., 2003). Previous studies have investigated the effect of music on performance during submaximal ( Maddigan et al., 2019 Thakare et al., 2017) and maximal ( Copeland and Franks, 1991 Szabo et al., 1999) exercises. Another important feature refers to the time of music application (i.e., either during exercise or a warm-up). (2005) reported that music could have a positive effect, especially during low-to-moderate intensity exercise (i.e., below the anaerobic threshold). (2016) suggested that the ergogenic effect of music declined with increasing intensity levels. The choice of the type and intensity of exercise is another factor which may influence physical performance. Considering synchronized music, it has been reported that music provides ergogenic benefits during exercise, especially when movements are performed synchronously with music ( Terry et al., 2012). non-preferred music had a greater positive effect on the 12-min Cooper test performance in young healthy females. Concerning the music type, Cole and Maeda (2015) found that listening to preferred vs. (2009) reported that listening to music with a fast tempo enhanced aerobic performance with improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory responses compared to a slow tempo condition in healthy college-aged students. Attention has been paid to several music features such as a tempo ( Birnbaum et al., 2009 Dalton et al., 2007), type ( Cole and Maeda, 2015), synchronicity with the activity ( Terry et al., 2012), and the type and intensity of exercise ( Dyck et al., 2016). These results support the notion that music can modify the interplay between central motor drive, central cardiovascular command, and perceived exertion. 2019 Remiszewska et al., 2020), listening to music induced increases in physical performance, breathing frequency, respiratory exchange ratio, a decrease in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), as well as faster heart rate (HR) recovery compared to a control condition (no music). ![]() Moreover, it is well known that listening to music can improve physical, physiological, and psychological benefits during exercise ( Edworthy and Waring, 2006 Jebabli et al., 2020 Karageorghis et al., 2013 Maddigan et al., 2019 Shaulov and Lufi, 2009). It is well-documented that listening to music has positive ergogenic effects, particularly during aerobic events ( Barwood et al., 2009 Edworthy and Waring, 2006 Maddigan et al., 2019 Jebabli et al., 2020).
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